I took the vehicle to the shop for the third time. They installed a factory thermostat, which made no difference. They ruled out the coolant temperature sensor as the issue by using an IR thermometer to read the temperature on the cylinder heads and comparing this with the reading from the coolant temperature sensor, which were in agreement. They checked for exhaust gasses in the coolant, but found none. I replaced the radiator cap, and the water pump was recently replaced. They suggested that the radiator could have a partial blockage and recommended replacing the radiator.
I took the vehicle to a radiator shop to have them evaluate the radiator. Based upon their observations, they do not believe the radiator has a blockage, and they did not identify any cold spots on the radiator. They also made sure that all air was purged from the system. However, they did observe that the pressure in the cooling system very high at around 35 psi. This led them to believe that the issue is a result of a bad head gasket. However, when they rechecked the pressure in the system the next day, it was normal.
So now I am even more confused. If there are no exhaust gasses in the coolant, indicating there is no leak from the heads, what would cause the pressure in the cooling system to be high one day and normal the next day? The engine has never overheated, and I have read that issues with the heads or head gaskets on Pentastar engines, without damage due to overheating, are very rare.
Since the coolant temperature sensor appears to be fine, it seems that the engine is just running slightly hot for some reason. The temp gauge never goes above the white middle tick mark. Perhaps it would be overheating if I did not have the heavy duty fan which keeps the temp down.